17. Restricted Execution
Warning: In Python 2.3 these modules have been disabled due to various
known and not readily fixable security holes. The modules are still documented here to help
in reading old code that uses the rexec and Bastion
modules.
Restricted execution is the basic framework in Python that allows for the
segregation of trusted and untrusted code. The framework is based on the notion that trusted
Python code (a supervisor) can create a ``padded cell' (or environment) with limited
permissions, and run the untrusted code within this cell. The untrusted code cannot break out
of its cell, and can only interact with sensitive system resources through interfaces defined
and managed by the trusted code. The term ``restricted execution'' is favored over
``safe-Python'' since true safety is hard to define, and is determined by the way the
restricted environment is created. Note that the restricted environments can be nested, with
inner cells creating subcells of lesser, but never greater, privilege.
An interesting aspect of Python's restricted execution model is that the interfaces
presented to untrusted code usually have the same names as those presented to trusted code.
Therefore no special interfaces need to be learned to write code designed to run in a
restricted environment. And because the exact nature of the padded cell is determined by the
supervisor, different restrictions can be imposed, depending on the application. For example,
it might be deemed ``safe'' for untrusted code to read any file within a specified directory,
but never to write a file. In this case, the supervisor may redefine the built-in open() function so that it raises an exception whenever the mode
parameter is 'w'. It might also perform a chroot()-like
operation on the filename parameter, such that root is always relative to some safe
``sandbox'' area of the filesystem. In this case, the untrusted code would still see an
built-in open() function in its environment, with the same calling
interface. The semantics would be identical too, with IOErrors
being raised when the supervisor determined that an unallowable parameter is being used.
The Python run-time determines whether a particular code block is executing in restricted
execution mode based on the identity of the __builtins__ object in its global
variables: if this is (the dictionary of) the standard __builtin__ module, the code is deemed to be unrestricted,
else it is deemed to be restricted.
Python code executing in restricted mode faces a number of limitations that are designed to
prevent it from escaping from the padded cell. For instance, the function object attribute func_globals and the class and instance object attribute __dict__ are unavailable.
Two modules provide the framework for setting up restricted execution environments:
| rexec |
|
Basic restricted execution framework. |
| Bastion |
|
Providing restricted access to objects. |
|
