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3.11.1 Types and members

The getmembers() function retrieves the members of an object such as a class or module. The eleven functions whose names begin with ``is'' are mainly provided as convenient choices for the second argument to getmembers(). They also help you determine when you can expect to find the following special attributes:

 

Type	Attribute	Description	Notes
module	__doc__	documentation string
	__file__	filename (missing for built-in modules)
class	__doc__	documentation string
	__module__	name of module in which this class was defined
method	__doc__	documentation string
	__name__	name with which this method was defined
	im_class	class object that asked for this method	(1)
	im_func	function object containing implementation of method
	im_self	instance to which this method is bound, or None
function	__doc__	documentation string
	__name__	name with which this function was defined
	func_code	code object containing compiled function bytecode
	func_defaults	tuple of any default values for arguments
	func_doc	(same as __doc__)
	func_globals	global namespace in which this function was defined
	func_name	(same as __name__)
traceback	tb_frame	frame object at this level
	tb_lasti	index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
	tb_lineno	current line number in Python source code
	tb_next	next inner traceback object (called by this level)
frame	f_back	next outer frame object (this frame's caller)
	f_builtins	built-in namespace seen by this frame
	f_code	code object being executed in this frame
	f_exc_traceback	traceback if raised in this frame, or None
	f_exc_type	exception type if raised in this frame, or None
	f_exc_value	exception value if raised in this frame, or None
	f_globals	global namespace seen by this frame
	f_lasti	index of last attempted instruction in bytecode
	f_lineno	current line number in Python source code
	f_locals	local namespace seen by this frame
	f_restricted	0 or 1 if frame is in restricted execution mode
	f_trace	tracing function for this frame, or None
code	co_argcount	number of arguments (not including * or ** args)
	co_code	string of raw compiled bytecode
	co_consts	tuple of constants used in the bytecode
	co_filename	name of file in which this code object was created
	co_firstlineno	number of first line in Python source code
	co_flags	bitmap: 1=optimized | 2=newlocals | 4=*arg | 8=**arg
	co_lnotab	encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices
	co_name	name with which this code object was defined
	co_names	tuple of names of local variables
	co_nlocals	number of local variables
	co_stacksize	virtual machine stack space required
	co_varnames	tuple of names of arguments and local variables
builtin	__doc__	documentation string
	__name__	original name of this function or method
	__self__	instance to which a method is bound, or None

Note:

(1)

Changed in version 2.2: im_class used to refer to the class that defined the method.

 

getmembers(

object[, predicate])

Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs sorted by name. If the optional predicate argument is supplied, only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.

 

getmoduleinfo(

path)

Return a tuple of values that describe how Python will interpret the file identified by path if it is a module, or None if it would not be identified as a module. The return tuple is (name, suffix, mode, mtype), where name is the name of the module without the name of any enclosing package, suffix is the trailing part of the file name (which may not be a dot-delimited extension), mode is the open() mode that would be used ('r' or 'rb'), and mtype is an integer giving the type of the module. mtype will have a value which can be compared to the constants defined in the imp module; see the documentation for that module for more information on module types.

 

getmodulename(

path)

Return the name of the module named by the file path, without including the names of enclosing packages. This uses the same algortihm as the interpreter uses when searching for modules. If the name cannot be matched according to the interpreter's rules, None is returned.

 

ismodule(

object)

Return true if the object is a module.

 

isclass(

object)

Return true if the object is a class.

 

ismethod(

object)

Return true if the object is a method.

 

isfunction(

object)

Return true if the object is a Python function or unnamed (lambda) function.

 

istraceback(

object)

Return true if the object is a traceback.

 

isframe(

object)

Return true if the object is a frame.

 

iscode(

object)

Return true if the object is a code.

 

isbuiltin(

object)

Return true if the object is a built-in function.

 

isroutine(

object)

Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.

 

ismethoddescriptor(

object)

Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod() or isclass() or isfunction() are true.

This is new as of Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__. An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__ attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies. __name__ is usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.

Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because the other tests promise more - you can, e.g., count on having the im_func attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().

 

isdatadescriptor(

object)

Return true if the object is a data descriptor.

Data descriptors have both a __get__ and a __set__ attribute. Examples are properties (defined in Python) and getsets and members (defined in C). Typically, data descriptors will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed. New in version 2.3.

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