Python Documentation

Release 2.3.3
December 19, 2003

Tutorial (start here)

How to use Forex trading tools to make maximum profits

What's New in Python (changes since the last major release)

Global Module Index
(for quick access to all documentation)
Library Reference (keep this under your pillow)

Front Matter
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Built-In Objects

2.1 Built-in Functions
2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
2.3 Built-in Types

2.3.1 Truth Value Testing
2.3.2 Boolean Operations
2.3.3 Comparisons
2.3.4 Numeric Types
2.3.5 Iterator Types
2.3.6 Sequence Types
2.3.7 Mapping Types
2.3.8 File Objects
2.3.9 Other Built-in Types
2.3.10 Special Attributes

2.4 Built-in Exceptions
2.5 Built-in Constants

3. Python Runtime Services

3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
3.3 weakref -- Weak references

3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
3.3.2 Example
3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types

3.4 fpectl -- Floating point exception control

3.4.1 Example
3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations

3.5 atexit -- Exit handlers

3.5.1 atexit Example

3.6 types -- Names for built-in types
3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions.

3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions

3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects

3.11.1 Types and members
3.11.2 Retrieving source code
3.11.3 Classes and functions
3.11.4 The interpreter stack

3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback

3.12.1 Traceback Example

3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines
3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization

3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
3.14.2 Data stream format
3.14.3 Usage
3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
3.14.5 The pickle protocol
3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
3.14.7 Example

3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle
3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence

3.17.1 Restrictions
3.17.2 Example

3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
3.20 warnings -- Warning control

3.20.1 Warning Categories
3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
3.20.3 Available Functions

3.21 imp -- Access the import internals

3.21.1 Examples

3.22 pkgutil -- Package extension utility
3.23 code -- Interpreter base classes

3.23.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
3.23.2 Interactive Console Objects

3.24 codeop -- Compile Python code
3.25 pprint -- Data pretty printer

3.25.1 PrettyPrinter Objects

3.26 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation

3.26.1 Repr Objects
3.26.2 Subclassing Repr Objects

3.27 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
3.28 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
3.29 user -- User-specific configuration hook
3.30 __builtin__ -- Built-in functions
3.31 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
3.32 __future__ -- Future statement definitions

4. String Services

4.1 string -- Common string operations
4.2 re -- Regular expression operations

4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
4.2.3 Module Contents
4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
4.2.5 Match Objects
4.2.6 Examples

4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas

4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
4.4.3 Differ Objects
4.4.4 Differ Example

4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
4.8 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling
4.9 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes

4.9.1 Codec Base Classes
4.9.2 Standard Encodings
4.9.3 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications

4.10 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
4.11 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation

5. Miscellaneous Services

5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
5.2 doctest -- Test docstrings represent reality

5.2.1 Normal Usage
5.2.2 Which Docstrings Are Examined?
5.2.3 What's the Execution Context?
5.2.4 What About Exceptions?
5.2.5 Advanced Usage
5.2.6 How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
5.2.7 Warnings
5.2.8 Soapbox

5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework

5.3.1 Basic example
5.3.2 Organizing test code
5.3.3 Re-using old test code
5.3.4 Classes and functions
5.3.5 TestCase Objects
5.3.6 TestSuite Objects
5.3.7 TestResult Objects
5.3.8 TestLoader Objects

5.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python

5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
5.4.2 Running tests Using test.regrtest

5.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests
5.6 math -- Mathematical functions
5.7 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
5.8 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
5.9 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator
5.10 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm

5.10.1 Examples

5.11 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm

5.11.1 Theory

5.12 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
5.13 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements

5.13.1 Set Objects
5.13.2 Example
5.13.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable

5.14 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping

5.14.1 Itertool functions
5.14.2 Examples

5.15 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser

5.15.1 RawConfigParser Objects
5.15.2 ConfigParser Objects

5.16 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
5.17 xreadlines -- Efficient iteration over a file
5.18 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
5.19 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters

5.19.1 Cmd Objects

5.20 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis

5.20.1 Module Contents
5.20.2 shlex Objects
5.20.3 Parsing Rules

6. Generic Operating System Services

6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces

6.1.1 Process Parameters
6.1.2 File Object Creation
6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
6.1.4 Files and Directories
6.1.5 Process Management
6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information

6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons

6.7.1 The dircmp class

6.8 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams

6.8.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
6.8.2 Flow Control Issues

6.9 datetime -- Basic date and time types

6.9.1 Available Types
6.9.2 timedelta Objects
6.9.3 date Objects
6.9.4 datetime Objects
6.9.5 time Objects
6.9.6 tzinfo Objects
6.9.7 strftime() Behavior

6.10 time -- Time access and conversions
6.11 sched -- Event scheduler

6.11.1 Scheduler Objects

6.12 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support

6.12.1 Mutex Objects

6.13 getpass -- Portable password input
6.14 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays

6.14.1 Functions
6.14.2 Window Objects
6.14.3 Constants

6.15 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs

6.15.1 Textbox objects

6.16 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
6.17 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
6.18 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.

6.18.1 Functions
6.18.2 Panel Objects

6.19 getopt -- Parser for command line options
6.20 optparse -- Powerful parser for command line options.

6.20.1 Philosophy
6.20.2 Basic Usage
6.20.3 Advanced Usage
6.20.4 Callback Options
6.20.5 Extending optparse

6.21 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories
6.22 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
6.23 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
6.24 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
6.25 shutil -- High-level file operations

6.25.1 Example

6.26 locale -- Internationalization services

6.26.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
6.26.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
6.26.3 Access to message catalogs

6.27 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services

6.27.1 GNU gettext API
6.27.2 Class-based API
6.27.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
6.27.4 Acknowledgements

6.28 logging -- Logging facility for Python

6.28.1 Logger Objects
6.28.2 Handler Objects
6.28.3 Formatter Objects
6.28.4 Filter Objects
6.28.5 LogRecord Objects
6.28.6 Thread Safety
6.28.7 Configuration
6.28.8 Using the logging package

7. Optional Operating System Services

7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events

7.1.1 Example

7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface

7.2.1 Socket Objects
7.2.2 SSL Objects
7.2.3 Example

7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion

7.3.1 Polling Objects

7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface

7.5.1 Lock Objects
7.5.2 RLock Objects
7.5.3 Condition Objects
7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
7.5.5 Event Objects
7.5.6 Thread Objects
7.5.7 Timer Objects

7.6 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module
7.7 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module
7.8 Queue -- A synchronized queue class

7.8.1 Queue Objects

7.9 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
7.10 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
7.11 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library

7.11.1 Database Objects

7.12 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
7.13 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library

7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects

7.14 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation

7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects

7.15 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
7.16 gzip -- Support for gzip files
7.17 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2

7.17.1 (De)compression of files
7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression
7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression

7.18 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives

7.18.1 ZipFile Objects
7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects
7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects

7.19 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files

7.19.1 TarFile Objects
7.19.2 TarInfo Objects
7.19.3 Examples

7.20 readline -- GNU readline interface

7.20.1 Example

7.21 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline

7.21.1 Completer Objects

8. Unix Specific Services

8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls

8.1.1 Large File Support
8.1.2 Module Contents

8.2 pwd -- The password database
8.3 grp -- The group database
8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects

8.5.1 Dl Objects

8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control

8.8.1 Example

8.9 TERMIOS -- Constants used with the termios module
8.10 tty -- Terminal control functions
8.11 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
8.12 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
8.13 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines

8.13.1 Template Objects

8.14 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
8.15 resource -- Resource usage information

8.15.1 Resource Limits
8.15.2 Resource Usage

8.16 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
8.17 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
8.18 commands -- Utilities for running commands

9. The Python Debugger

9.1 Debugger Commands
9.2 How It Works

10. The Python Profiler

10.1 Introduction to the profiler
10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
10.3 Instant Users Manual
10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
10.5 Reference Manual

10.5.1 The Stats Class

10.6 Limitations
10.7 Calibration
10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
10.9 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler

10.9.1 Profile Objects
10.9.2 Using hotshot data
10.9.3 Example Usage

10.10 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets

10.10.1 Command Line Interface
10.10.2 Examples

11. Internet Protocols and Support

11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller

11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects

11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.

11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Using the cgi module
11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
11.2.4 Old classes
11.2.5 Functions
11.2.6 Caring about security
11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
11.2.10 Common problems and solutions

11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL

11.4.1 URLopener Objects
11.4.2 Examples

11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs

11.5.1 Request Objects
11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
11.5.5 ProxyHandler Objects
11.5.6 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
11.5.7 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.8 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.9 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
11.5.10 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.11 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.12 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
11.5.13 HTTPHandler Objects
11.5.14 HTTPSHandler Objects
11.5.15 FileHandler Objects
11.5.16 FTPHandler Objects
11.5.17 CacheFTPHandler Objects
11.5.18 GopherHandler Objects
11.5.19 UnknownHandler Objects
11.5.20 Examples

11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client

11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
11.6.3 Examples

11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client

11.7.1 FTP Objects

11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client

11.9.1 POP3 Objects
11.9.2 POP3 Example

11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client

11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
11.10.2 IMAP4 Example

11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client

11.11.1 NNTP Objects

11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client

11.12.1 SMTP Objects
11.12.2 SMTP Example

11.13 telnetlib -- Telnet client

11.13.1 Telnet Objects
11.13.2 Telnet Example

11.14 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
11.15 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
11.16 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
11.17 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
11.18 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
11.19 Cookie -- HTTP state management

11.19.1 Cookie Objects
11.19.2 Morsel Objects
11.19.3 Example

11.20 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access

11.20.1 ServerProxy Objects
11.20.2 Boolean Objects
11.20.3 DateTime Objects
11.20.4 Binary Objects
11.20.5 Fault Objects
11.20.6 ProtocolError Objects
11.20.7 Convenience Functions
11.20.8 Example of Client Usage

11.21 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server

11.21.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
11.21.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

11.22 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server

11.22.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
11.22.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

11.23 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler

11.23.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client

11.24 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler

11.24.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
11.24.2 asynchat Example

12. Internet Data Handling

12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting

12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
12.1.3 The Writer Interface
12.1.4 Writer Implementations

12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package

12.2.1 Representing an email message
12.2.2 Parsing email messages
12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
12.2.5 Internationalized headers
12.2.6 Representing character sets
12.2.7 Encoders
12.2.8 Exception classes
12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
12.2.10 Iterators
12.2.11 Differences from email v1 (up to Python 2.2.1)
12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
12.2.13 Examples

12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats

12.4.1 Mailbox Objects

12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes

12.5.1 MH Objects
12.5.2 Folder Objects
12.5.3 Message Objects

12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages

12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects

12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types

12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects

12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer

12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects

12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts

12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
12.10.2 MultiFile Example

12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers

12.11.1 Message Objects
12.11.2 AddressList Objects

12.12 base64 -- Encode and decode MIME base64 data
12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files

12.14.1 Notes

12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data

12.17.1 Packer Objects
12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
12.17.3 Exceptions

12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing

12.18.1 netrc Objects

12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing

12.20.1 Module Contents
12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
12.20.3 Reader Objects
12.20.4 Writer Objects
12.20.5 Examples

13. Structured Markup Processing Tools

13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser

13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application

13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents

13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects

13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat

13.5.1 XMLParser Objects
13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
13.5.3 Example
13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
13.5.5 Expat error constants

13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API

13.6.1 Module Contents
13.6.2 Objects in the DOM
13.6.3 Conformance

13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation

13.7.1 DOM Objects
13.7.2 DOM Example
13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard

13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees

13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects

13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers

13.9.1 SAXException Objects

13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers

13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects

13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers

13.12.1 XMLReader Objects
13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
13.12.3 Locator Objects
13.12.4 InputSource Objects
13.12.5 The Attributes Interface
13.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface

13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents

13.13.1 XML Namespaces

14. Multimedia Services

14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files

14.4.1 AU_read Objects
14.4.2 AU_write Objects

14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files

14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
14.5.2 Wave_write Objects

14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

14.11.1 Audio Device Objects
14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects

15. Cryptographic Services

15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm
15.4 mpz -- GNU arbitrary magnitude integers
15.5 rotor -- Enigma-like encryption and decryption

16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk

16.1.1 Tkinter Modules
16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
16.1.6 Handy Reference

16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk

16.2.1 Using Tix
16.2.2 Tix Widgets
16.2.3 Tix Commands

16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk

16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects

16.5 Idle

16.5.1 Menus
16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
16.5.3 Syntax colors

16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages

17. Restricted Execution

17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework

17.1.1 RExec Objects
17.1.2 Defining restricted environments
17.1.3 An example

17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects

18. Python Language Services

18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees

18.1.1 Creating AST Objects
18.1.2 Converting AST Objects
18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
18.1.5 AST Objects
18.1.6 Examples

18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support

18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects

18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code

18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions

18.11 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules

19. Python compiler package

19.1 The basic interface
19.2 Limitations
19.3 Python Abstract Syntax

19.3.1 AST Nodes
19.3.2 Assignment nodes
19.3.3 Examples

19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
19.5 Bytecode Generation

20. SGI IRIX Specific Services

20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI

20.1.1 Configuration Objects
20.1.2 Port Objects

20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems

20.3.1 Player Objects
20.3.2 Parser Objects

20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces

20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
20.4.2 Form Objects
20.4.3 FORMS Objects

20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files

21. SunOS Specific Services

21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware

21.1.1 Audio Device Objects

21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev

22. MS Windows Specific Services

22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

22.1.1 File Operations
22.1.2 Console I/O
22.1.3 Other Functions

22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access

22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects

22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows

A. Undocumented Modules

A.1 Frameworks
A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
A.3 Platform specific modules
A.4 Multimedia
A.5 Obsolete
A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules

B. Reporting Bugs
C. History and License

C.1 History of the software
C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python

Module Index

Macintosh Module Reference
(this too, if you use a Macintosh)
Installing Python Modules (for administrators)

1 Introduction
2 Standard Build and Install
3 Alternate Installation
4 Custom Installation
5 Distutils Configuration Files
6 Building Extensions: Tips and Tricks

Microdermabrasion
Air ionizer
Laser hair removal
Wood laminate flooring
Radar detectors

Python How-To Guides
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